ethylene

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===Ethylene or ethene is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a hydrocarbon. It is very important in industry and has even been used in biology as a hormone. It is also the most made chemical. About 75 million tons of it have been made each year since 2005=== = = =How to made ?=

**Ethylene is made in the chemical industry by steam cracking. Some of the parts of an ethylene plant can be:**
Since making ethylene uses a lot of energy, the people making the ethylene try very hard to keep the heat from the gasses from leaving the furnaces.**
 * 1) **The steam cracking furnaces;**
 * 2) **Heat recovery systems;**
 * 3) **A steam recycling system;**
 * 4) **A system to compress the cracked gas;**
 * 5) **A system to remove acid gas;**
 * There are other systems in an ethylene plant. The systems listed above were the most important systems in an ethylene plant.

=What is Benefits and Features ?= ===With a very broad range of copolymer content resulting in versatile balance of adhesion/cohesion properties and a variety of moleculecular weight directly linked to viscosity and rehological behavior, ethylene copolymers are leading technology for hot-melts formulation. Formulators can adjust their formulation to fullfil technical requirements of many applications requiring long or short open time, resistance to elevated or cold temperatures and many other performances.=== =**ETHYLENE FACTS**= ====**Ethylene is a natural plant hormone.** It affects the growth, development, ripening, and senescence (aging) of all plants. It is normally produced in small quantities by most fruits and vegetables. Many fruits produce larger quantities of ethylene and respond with uniform ripening when exposed to an external source of ethylene.==== ====**Ethylene is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)** by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Given the numerous amounts of food substances, the FDA does not categorize every one. Salt, pepper and vinegar are examples. These, along with ethylene, all are within the category of food substances that, when used for the purposes indicated, in accordance with good manufacturing practice, are regarded by the FDA as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for such uses.==== ====**Ethylene has been found not harmful or toxic to humans in the concentrations found in ripening rooms.** In fact, ethylene was used medically as a anesthetic in concentrations significantly greater than that found in a ripening room. However, ethylene is often targeted as the reason for difficulty in breathing in ripening rooms; what can affect some people is usually either: a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2,) levels: CO2, is produced by the ripening fruit in the room and levels increase over time, or b) Oxygen levels: The oxygen in the room when loaded is taken in by the ripening fruit. This sometimes will make breathing in a ripening room difficult. The increased CO2, and decreased oxygen levels are the main reasons for venting the ripening room.====

**Ethylene will penetrate most substances.** In fact, it will permeate through produce cardboard shipping boxes, wood and even concrete walls.
====**Ethylene is harmful to many fruits, vegetables, and floral items.** While ethylene is invaluable due to its ability to initiate the ripening process in several fruits, it can also be very harmful to many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and plants by accelerating the aging process and decreasing the product quality and shelf life. The degree of damage depends upon the concentration of ethylene, length of exposure time, and product temperature. One of the following methods should be used to ensure that ethylene-sensitive produce is not exposed: Ethylene producing items (such as apples, avocados, bananas, melons, peaches, pears, and tomatoes) should be stored separately from ethylene-sensitive ones (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, leafy greens, lettuce, etc.). Also, ethylene is emitted by engines. Propane, diesel, and gasoline powered engines all produce ethylene in amounts large enough to cause damage to the ethylene-sensitive produce items mentioned; Ventilate the storage area, preferably to the outside of the warehouse, on a continuous or regular basis to purge the air of any ethylene; Remove ethylene with ethylene absorbing filters. These have been proven in reducing and maintaining low ethylene levels. If ethylene damage is suspected, a quick and easy way to detect ethylene levels is with hand held sensor tubes. This will indicate if the above steps should be followed.==== ====**Ethylene is explosive at high concentrations.** However, when using as directed the products of Catalytic Generators, reaching the explosive level is not possible. The explosive level is about 200 times greater than that found in ripening rooms. As a matter of fact, it would take 20 - 30 of the Easy-Ripe Generators on the highest setting in a one-load room to reach this level.==== ====**Ethylene is used to 'degreen' citrus.** This is a natural process that triggers pigment changes: the loss of green peel color by removing the chlorophyll, which allows the orange or yellow to fully cover the entire peel. No loss of flavor is caused; this is merely a continuation of the natural plant process.==== [] [] []

=**william-chen (11Chem)**=